SECTION A
CAMEROON SINCE 1884
Question one is compulsory. Answer either 1A* or 1B* and one other question from this section.
1. Either
A*
Extract I
——-By the 1830s and 1840s, British traders missionaries and consuls had explored the interior of the coastal areas along the Bight of Benin and Biafra, up to the extent that the British consuls had established a “Court of Equity” in 1856 at Douala to regulate trade, trade disputes and commercial activities among the different European nationals and the natives doing commercial business along the Cameroon coast——
In fact, in 1858, the British Christian mission group—-had established the first permanent European colonial settlement at Victoria at the foot of mount Cameroon [5]
The extent of British influence along the Cameroon coast at Douala and in the Gulf of Guinea was so strong that couple with repeated demands from the various coastal chiefdoms for British protection from the 1870s onwards, made annexation of the area by Britain seem a foregone conclusion—–
—–However, this conclusion was not shared by other European competitors for the Cameroon trade [10]
—-By 1884, Britain was shocked that a rival country had worked out annexation treaties with the Douala kings and the king of Bimbia.
Extract II
The German protectorate of Kamerun lasted—–for 30 years under a succession of German colonial governors whose administrative activities with their individual temperament or behavior and attitude towards the Cameroonian natives varied. However, they all considered the native Cameroonians primitive, backward and uncivilized, who had to be schooled to accept Western civilization.
In 1911 the German protectorate was extended and almost doubled in size to include parts of Chad, Ubangi- Shari, Moyenne Congo and Gabon in return for the withdrawal of German imperial interest in Morocco bit this arrangement was short lived—-
—–By 1914, German colonial administration had laid the foundation of a modern Cameroon setting—–by providing basic transportation, communication and port facilities to promote trade with the interior, railway lines, bridges, roads, paths and well-constructed private and public buildings, some which have become historical monuments to day. However, in the assessment of German rule——other economic development projects cannot overlooked for it remains the main stay and life wire of the Cameroon economy today—-
——By 1916 German exit from their Kamerun Protectorate was evident but Pan Cameroon nationalism today still traces its roots from this exit.
QUESTIONS
A(i) Name any two British trading firms which were carrying out commercial activities along the Cameroon coast and resident in Douala or Bimbia from 1840 onwards as indicated in line…1 in Extract
(ii) Identify the British Christian missionary body and its leader who established the first permanent European colonial missionary settlement in Victoria in 1858 as in line…5 Extract I
B(i) Give the name of any British consul who was very active in regulating trade along the Cameroon coast during this period. (2+2+1)
(ii) Identify the names of any two Cameroon Chiefdoms and their rulers who demanded for British protection between 1879 and 1884 as in line…8 in Extract I
(iii) Why was the British shocked that by 1884 she could no longer annex some coastal chiefdoms despite repeated appeals from them? (2+3)
C (i) Write down the exact dates when German administration of Cameroon officially began with the arrival of the first Governor and when it ended with the exit of the last German Governor.
(ii) Who was the first German Governor in the Cameroon protectorate? State two main activities he carried out to establish German rule. (2+3)
D (i) State the name of any two famous German public monuments or buildings found in Buea or elsewhere in the territory not mentioned in Extract II.
(ii) Describe the importance of the most famous economic project—-(the plantation), the Germans left behind to the people in Cameroon not mentioned in Extract II. (2+3)
B* Study these extracts on the consequences of the First World War in Cameroon and answer questions (a) to (e) which follow.
Extract I:
The defeat of Germany in the First World War led to another scramble by the victorious powers for colonies in Africa, including Cameroon. The victorious powers seized all the German colonies and justified the seized on humanitarian grounds, based on an international treaty signed in 1919. Under article 119 of the Treaty, German accepted as a condition for a peaceful settlement, to lose all its colonies, including the property of its citizens in each colony. Once Germany accepted this pre-condition, the victorious powers began to divide the colonies5 among themselves—Even before the signing of this international Treaty, the partition of Cameroon had been accomplished by 1916 and was only confirmed by 1919.
EXTRACT II
—-The idea that the administration of the Mandated territories of Cameroon be subjected to international supervision by a body, was not well received by the victorious powers who feared the system would not be to their best interest—- However, the territories were assigned to the victorious powers because they were considered to be at a stage that the Mandatories must be responsible for the administration of the territory under certain conditions—
Source: E.A Aka. The British Southern, Cameroons 1922- 1961: A study in Colonialism and Under Development, 2002.
(i) With reference to Extract I, line (i) Give the exact month and year of the German defeat in the First World War in Cameroon.
(ii) In which town in Cameroon did this final defeat demanded in a (i) above take place?
(iii) Mention any two victorious powers that became involved in ‘another scramble’ for colonies in Cameroon as stated in line (i) above. (2+1+2)
B(i) Give the name of the international treaty signed in 1919 as mentioned in line 3 in Extract I.
(ii) What body was set up to manage the seized German property in Cameroon in line…4 of Extract I.
(iii) Write down any two examples of property left by the German citizens in Cameroon in fulfillment of article 119 of the treaty stated in line…3 (1+1+2)
C (i) Suggest the names of the Europeans diplomats making sure you correctly link their names to their respective countries involved in the partition of Cameroon before 1919?
(ii) Which agreement confirmed the final partition of Cameroon in 1919? (2+1)
D(i) With reference to line…1 in Extract II which international Organisation supervised the administration of the Mandatories in Cameroon.
(ii) List three conditions given by the international Organisation demanded in d (i) above and was accepted by the Mandatories in the administration of their territories (1+3)
(iii) State and describe the policies of any one of the Mandatories in the administration of their territories in Cameroon from 1922-1939. (4)
2. Why was the First World War extended or fought in Cameroon? What was the immediate political outcome of the war on Cameroon and Cameroonians from (1914 to 1924)? (18/12 or 8/6/6)
3. What were the causes of the U.P.C revolt in French Cameroon in the 1950s? Show how the U.P.C revolt contributed to the French granting independence to French Cameroonians by 1960s. (10/10)
4. Write a brief historical essay on the career and contributions of any two of the following Cameroonian leaders in the building of a modern democratic state for Cameroon from 1985 to 2004.
a) Paul Biya b) Ni Jonh Fru Ndi c) Peter Mafany Musonge d) Achdi Achu (10/10 or 5/5/5/5)
SECTION B
AFRICA SINCE 1884 (Excluding Cameroon)
5. What were the main causes of the scramble for Africa by 1879? Outline the main features of the partition of Africa from 1884 to 1900. (12/8)
6. What do you understand by African Nationalism? Describe the factors which promoted the growth of Nationalism in the Gold Coast. What role did Nkrumah and his CPP party play in the attainment of the independence of that country from 1949 to 1957? (5/8/7)
7. In which ways did the Belgian failed to prepare adequately the people of the Congo for independence by 1960? Why did a civil war broke out in the Congo in the 1960s? what was the contributions of the U.N.O in the bringing the civil war to an end? (6/7/7)
SECTION C
WORLD DIPLOMACY SINCE 1870
8. What were the main objectives of the Bismarckian foreign policy from 1871 to 1890? Describe how Bismarck involved European powers in an alliance system from 1879- 1890 and explain why Germany abandoned the policy by 1894. (7/6/7)
9. Outline the main causes of the First World War. What were the provisions of the Versailles treaty in 1919? (12/8)
10. Choose any four of the following U.N specialized agencies and outline the activities and its benefits to humanity.
a. FAO b. WHO c. ILO d. UNESCO e. UNICEF f. UNHCR g. IBRD