SECTION A
CAMEROON SINCE 1850
Question one is compulsory. Answer either 1A* or 1B* and one other Question from this section.
1. Either
A* Study this extract on petitions addressed by Cameroonian chiefs to British authorities in the 1870s and 1880s requesting the British annexation of Cameroon and then answer questions (a-e) which follow. (The maximum mark for each sub-question is indicated in brackets).
The period 1879-1883 was characterized by a series of petitions addressed to Her Majesty’s Government by Cameroon coastal rulers demanding annexation of their territory. Petitions were written in 1879 and 1881 by the Duala kings addressed to the British Monarch.
A third petition was written in Victoria in 1883 by the native ruler and some missionaries to the same Monarch. [5]
Regrettably, Her Majesty’s Government turned a deaf ear to all these demands for annexation.
The main task of the British Government in Cameroon was to regulate trade and commercial relations through Consular activities with the setting up of Courts of Equity and Justice.
By 1884, the Germans and the French became interested in the annexation of Cameroon. The [10]
British and the Germans dispatched envoys to annex Cameroon.
The head of the German Government sent a confidential letter to the agent of the Karl Woermann Trading Firm. in the letter, he advised the agent to cooperate with her sister German firm in Cameroon to make concrete arrangements for German annexation by obtaining collectively from the four chiefs in Cameroon, the cession of the sovereignty of the [15]
whole area belonging to them for his Majesty… The German war ship, the Moewe, carrying the envoy and his delegation will soon be with you… In their contacts with the chiefs, they should highlight the advantages they will have when protected by the Kaiser of Germany…
On 12th .July 1884, the Germano-Duala Treaty was signed.
Source: adapted from: Cameroon: 1884-1985, A Hundred Years of History by Victor Julius Ngoh.
(a)(i) Name the two Duala kings who wrote the petition to the British Monarch in 1879 (line. 3).
(ii) Identify by name the British Monarch to whom the petition of 1879 was written (line 3).
(iii) Write down the name of the native ruler of Victoria who wrote the third petition to the monarch mentioned in (a)ii above. (2+1+1 marks)
b.(i) Write down the name of the British Consular official who was charged with carrying out Consular activities in the area in the 1880s (line 9).
(ii) In which two Cameroon coastal towns were courts of Equity and Justice set up? (1+2 marks)
c.(i) Write the name of the head of the German Government and the envoy he dispatched to annex Cameroon in 1884 (line 12).
(ii) Write down the names of the two agents of the German firms operating at the coast of Cameroon who were to assist the envoy in the annexation of Cameroon (lines 12-13). (2+2 marks)
d. (i) Write the name of the Kaiser of Germany mentioned in line 20.
(ii) Give any three advantages the Duala kings and chiefs were to gain if annexed by the Germans. (1+3 marks)
e. How did Cameroonians react to the German annexation from 1884 to 1890? (5 marks)
Or
B* Study this extract on the decolonisation of French Cameroon and then answer questions (a) to (e) which follow. (The maximum mark for each sub question is indicated in brackets)
The 1939-45 War strongly influenced the growth of nationalism and decolonisation in so many ways during the Trusteeship period in French Cameroon. It saw the rise of so many political parties, trade unions and removal of harsh colonial policies from the French status books.
The French started allowing freedom of association and other freedoms in the spirit of the Atlantic Charter of 1941, to allow the locals to govern themselves [5]
The first indigenous political party in French Cameroon was created in the late 1940s.Amongst the aims of the party was the reunification of French and British Cameroon. Because this party was allied to the French Communist party, it performed poorly in the 1951-52 elections that offered room for the locals to participate in the running of their affairs. In December 1952, the party presented a memorandum to the UN Visiting Mission in Cameron in which they highlighted their disgust with the French policies. They were [10]
invited to present their case to the 4th Committee of the United Nations.
In the 1950s the French colonial government took steps to check the influence of this party in the political affairs of French Cameroon. Their members were removed and refused to participate in local elections thereafter. A guerrilla war ensued in the Bassa and Bamileke regions. The French colonial administration promulgated the Loi Cadre, to prepare the territory towards self government. Elections into ALCAM were [15]
held and the following results were produced:
Political Party – No. of seats
Union Camerounais 30
Democrat Camerounais 20
Paysan Independents 09
Group D’Action Nationale 08
Independent Candidates 03
Between 1957 and 1959, when the Trusteeship Agreement with France and the United Nations ended, the transformation from a self-governing territory to an independent nation was rapid.
Ahidjo and the French seemed to have worked so closely, which made it possible for French Cameroon to gain its independence.
Source: Adapted from The Anglo-French Condominium in Cameroon 1914-1916: History of a misunderstanding by Lovett Elango and edited by Panel.
(a) (i) What name is given to the 1939-45 war, mentioned in line 11
(ii) Name any one trade union that was formed in French Cameroon before 1945 (line 3).
(iii) Write down two harsh colonial policies that were removed from the French status books (line3
(iv) In what year did the Trusteeship period begin in French Cameroon? (1+1+2 marks)
(b) (i) Give the name and the year, the first indigenous party mentioned in line 6 was formed in French Cameroon.
(ii) Apart from the reunification of the French and British Cameroon, give two other aims of the party in b(i) above. (2 + 2 marks)
(c) (i) Name the personality who presented the grievances of the party to the UN Visiting Mission of 1952 (line 9).
(ii) Name any two of the grievances he presented to the UN Visiting Mission.
(iii) Name the French colonial administrator who took steps to check the influence of this party in French Cameroon (line 12). (1+2+1 marks)
(d) (i) From the results recorded in the ALCAM election, write down the names of any of the two political parties that formed the first internal self-government in 1957.
(ii) Name the head of the first self-government in French Cameroon. (2 + 1 marks)
(e) (i) In what year did Ahidjo gain independence for French Cameroon?
(ii) What activities did he carry out to consolidate his hold on power before 1970? (1 + 3 marks)
2. Why did Cameroon coastal chiefs show interests in the British annexation of their territory? For what reasons did the British turn down their request? How did Germany annex Cameroon by 1884? (7/6/6 marks)
3. Write short historical notes on any FOUR of the following in the history of French Cameroon.
(a) The Brazzaville Conference of 1944. (b) The UPC revolts of the 1950s. (c) The Loi Cadre of 1956.
(d) The resignation of André Marie Mbida in 1958. (e) Trade Union activities in the 1940s. (5/5/5/5 marks)
4. Why and how did Ahmadou Ahidjo create a Unitary Stale in Cameroon in 1972 and what have been the benefits on West Cameroon? (7/7/6 marks)
SECTION B
AFRICA SINCE 1870 (excluding Cameroon)
5. What political factors motivated the European scramble for Africa? Describe the various imperialist methods used by Europeans to acquire territories in Africa and explain why African resistance to colonial rule failed. (6/8/6 marks)
6. What do you understand by the term African Nationalism? In what ways did the Second World War of 1939- 45 contribute to the rise of nationalist sentiments in Africa after 1945? Trace the stages Kenya took to achieve independence by 1963. (5/8/7 marks)
7. What were the aims of the OAU when it was founded in 1963? Describe the structure and the political successes of the organization. (7/6/7 marks)
SECTION C
WORLD DIPLOMACY SINCE 1870
8. In what ways did the failure and collapse of Bismarckian diplomacy after 1891 contribute to the outbreak of the First World War? What losses did Germany suffer as a result of the outcome of the war in Europe and the rest of the world? (10/10marks)
9. What were the main provisions of the Peace Treaty of Versailles of 1919? Describe the steps taken by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s to violate this treaty leading to the outbreak of the Second World War. (10/10 marks)
10. Outline the measures taken by the UNO since its creation to
(i) prevent and (ii) manage the refugee crises in the World. What obstacles have worked against a lasting solution to this crisis? (5/5/10marks)