SECTION A
CAMEROON SINCE 1850
Question one is compulsory. Answer either 1A* or 1B* and one other Question from this section.
1. Either
A* Study this extract on the political evolution of British Southern Cameroons from partition to independence and then answer questions a-d which follow. (The maximum mark for each sub-question is indicated in brackets).
The Question of Southern Cameroons’ independence began right from the time of the partition of the former German Cameroon colony … As a result of this partition, the two zones underwent separate political, economic and social developments under their respective administering authorities, guided by the principles adopted by the League of Nations and 5 later…in the 1940s…
… In the Southern Cameroons, political events in the territory as well as Nigeria from where it was governed, paved the way for its eventual independence which came as a result of … organized plebiscite on …
The Foumban Constitutional Conference signaled the coming to power of the first 10 powerful executive president of the newly created Federal Republic of Cameroon. His new position…
determined the nature and success of the constitutional arrangements, intended to bring about the proper harnessing of both human and natural resources in the interest of all…The outcome however, was an unbalanced union that weighed more in favour of the Republic of Cameroon than Southern Cameroons (later West Cameroon).
Source: Cameroon from Federal to a Unitary System. A Critical Study, page 76 by Victor Julius Ngoh.
(a) (i) In what year was the former German colony mentioned in line 2 partitioned?
(ii) Write down the names of the two zones that emerged as a result of this partition.
(iii) Which two European powers were assigned as administering authorities as mentioned in line 3. (1+2+2 marks)
(b) (i) State the year in which the principles adopted by the League of Nations to govern Cameroon as a mandated territory came into effect.
(ii) Name the international organisation and its special organ formed in the 1940s that replaced the League of Nations.
(iii) State the month and the year in which the international organisation mentioned in (b, ii) above organised a plebiscite in the Southern Cameroons mentioned in line 7. (1+2+2 marks)
(c) i) Name the political party and its leader that emerged victorious in the plebiscite in the Southern Cameroons that led to the summoning of the Foumban Conference mentioned in line 8.
(ii) Who was the first Executive President of the newly created Federal Republic of Cameroon mentioned in line 9?
(iii) Give two reasons why the Foumban Constitutional Conference created a powerful Executive President in the new Federation. (2+1+2
marks)
(d) (i) State two ways in which the “New Federation” was an “unbalanced one” for Southern Cameroonians.
(ii) Trace the steps that led to the collapse of the Federated State of West Cameroon by 1972. (2+3 marks)
Or
B* Study these extracts numbered I to III on the political history of Cameroon from 1961 to 1982 and then answer questions (a) to (e) which follow. (The maximum mark for each sub question is indicated in brackets)
EXTRACT I
“I have been touched by the expression of unalloyed confidence which honourable members have reposed on me by their confirmation of my appointment (this year) as Prime Minister of this Federated State… I am deeply conscious of the significance of this confidence and of the very important fact that in choosing me as the first Prime Minister of the Federated State, in the fully established and solidly and firmly entrenched Federal Republic, you are throwing upon me responsibilities and challenges.”
EXTRACT II
“In truth, the Federal structures were adopted at the time of reunification … to give our fellow citizens of West Cameroon the assurances that the heritage which they were contributing after more than forty years of separation would not be ignored, but would be taken into consideration within the framework of a bilingual pluri-cultural state … Now that the Federal structures appear to be a handicap to the rapid development of the country
…it is my profound conviction that the time has come to go further than a Federal organisation of the state”
EXTRACT III
“Fellow Cameroonians, my dear countrymen, I have decided to resign my duties as …, I request all of you Cameroonians to give your full confidence and wholehearted support to my constitutional heir”.
(a) (i)Identify the author of Extract I and the year the speech was made.
(ii) Which political party did he lead in West Cameroon at the time this speech was made?
iii) Name the constitution that made it possible for the politician named in a (i) above to be the first Prime Minister of West Cameroon.
(iv) Name any other prominent political office that he held in the Federal Republic of Cameroon mentioned in extract 1. (2+1+1+1 marks)
(b) (i) Identify the author of Extracts II and III.
(ii) What political office did the author named in b(i) above hold in the Federal structures at the time of re-unification?
(iii) Which political party did he lead at the time of re- unification? (1+1+1 marks)
C)(i)Why did he become increasingly disappointed with the Federal system as expressed in Extract II?
(ii)What measures were taken by him to abolish the Federal system of government? (2+3 marks)
(d)(i) Show three ways in which the new system of government differed from the Federal system.
(ii) Which system of government did he introduce to concretise his dreams of rapid development as expressed in Extract II?. (1+3 marks)
(e)(i) Suggest 2 reasons why he decided to resign his duties … as mentioned in Extract III?
(ii) Who was his constitutional heir mentioned in Extract III? (2+1 marks)
2. (i) Describe the contributions of the Germans in Cameroon in any Two of the following areas:
(a) Plantation Agriculture (b) Public Works (c) Education (d) Health
(ii) What were the merits and demerits of these developments on the lives of the inhabitants during the period of German administration? (5, 5, 5, 5 marks)
3. What contributions did John Ngu Foncha make in the nationalist struggle between 1939 and 1958? What efforts did he make to achieve reunification and the development of Cameroon from 1959 to 1969? (10,10 marks)
4. What political problems did Ahmadou Ahidjo face in the 1960s? How did he overcome them during the period of his administration? (10, 10 marks)
SECTION B
AFRICA SINCE 1870 (excluding Cameroon)
5. Why was Lord Lugard successful in introducing the Indirect Rule system of administration in Northern Nigeria? What weaknesses of this colonial policy were noticed when he later extended the policy to Southern Nigeria in 1912? (12,8 marks)
6. Outline the growth of nationalism in the Gold Coast after the Second World War. What steps did Dr Nkwame Nkrumah take from 1949 to 1957 to attain independence for the Gold Coast? (6,7,7 marks)
7. Trace the events of the 1950s and 1960s that led to the creation of the OAU. Describe the main organs of the OAU and outline the major successes recorded by this Pan-African organisation from 1963 to 2002. (7,6,7 marks)
SECTION C
WORLD DIPLOMACY SINCE 1870.
8. Outline the causes of the First World War. How was Germany treated following her defeat in the war at Versailles 1919? (8,12)
9. What were the causes and consequences of the Second World War? (10,10 marks)
10. Why was the League of Nations formed in 1919? Outline the successes and failures of this international organisation.(10,10)