SECTION A
CAMEROON SINCE 1850
Question one is compulsory. Answer either 1A* or IB* and one other Question from this section.
1 . Either
A* Study this text bearing on the scramble, the annexation and German colonial rule in Cameroon (1879 to 1916) and then answer questions a-d which follow. (The maximum mark for each sub-question is indicated in brackets).
…..The race for the annexation of Cameroon involved Germany and two other world powers….
The signing of the Germano-Duala Treaty of the 1880s put an end to the fierce race for the annexation of Cameroon. Within a couple of days, the German flag was hoisted over Douala, a colonial administrator appointed and Cameroon effectively became a German colony [5]
This administrator fell sick and consequently went back to Germany for medical treatment. Thereafter, the necessity for a German colonial government increasingly became apparent and urgent….
In 1885’ the first colonial Governor for Cameroon was appointed. He ruled for six years during which German influence and control over the territory was extended from the coast to the interior. This Governor will be remembered for the construction of roads, the introduction of plantations along the Cameroon coast etc. [10]
In 1895, a rather brutal and ruthless Administrator was appointed Governor and he ruled the territory for twelve uninterrupted years (1895- 1907). Several innovations occurred in Cameroon during this period, some of which include the expansion of plantations, the construction of roads and railways, and the creation of two Concession companies in the territory. The very first plantations were established in Victoria. [15]
In 1906 an influential Douala traditional ruler petitioned this Governor to the German government in Berlin. The complaints raised in the petition were investigated and some of them were found to be credible. The reaction of the German Government was swift and uncompromising. The Governor was sacked, prosecuted and severely punished. [20]
Source: Improvised text by members of the Subject Panel.
(a) (i) Apart from the European power mentioned in the extract, name one other power that was involved in the race for the control of Cameroon in the 1870s and 1880s (Line 1).
(ii) In which year was the Germano -Duala Treaty (line 2) signed?
(iii) Name two Cameroonians who signed the treaty mentioned in a(ii) above. (1+1+2 marks)
(b) (i) Identify the German official who (a) was appointed first Administrator for Cameroon (line 5) and (b) hoisted the German flag over Douala (line 3).
(ii) Give the name of the German official who was appointed first Colonial Governor (line8).
(iii) State two major achievements of the Governor mentioned in b(ii) above excluding achievements highlighted in the text. (2+1+2 marks)
(c) (i) Name the German Governor (line 12) famous for acts of brutality and ruthlessness.
(ii) Write down two acts of brutality that were associated with this colonial Governor who took up office in 1895
(iii) Name the two Concession companies (line 15) that the Governor, required in c(ii) above, created. (1+2+2 marks)
(d) (i) Apart from Victoria (line 16), suggest one other coastal settlement where plantations were established.
(ii) Name two cash crops that were grown in the plantations
(iii) Why do you think that the very first plantations were established in Victoria (line 16)? (l+2+3marks)
Or
B*. Study this extract on events relating to the First World War in Cameroon and then answer questions (a) to (e) which follow. (The maximum mark for each sub question is indicated in brackets).
The Cameroon Campaign began with an attack from the borders of British Nigeria. Throughout the campaign, the personnel serving with the British contingent of the West African Expeditionary Force was either recruited from Britain or seconded front British West African Colonial Administration … France and another European/ power entered the Cameroon Campaign. Personnel serving with the French contingent either came from Senegal or French Equatorial Africa. [5]
A successful naval attack was launched on a strategic naval base in the month of …. This naval attack opened a new front. 1he French attack focused on the New Cameroon territory. The march to Yaounde was on and culminated with the battle of Yaounde witnessing the exit of the German administration. Attempts were made between the British and the French to carry out a joint administration of the territory. The administration was heavily dominated initially by the British which was countered by the French. The rigid control exercised by [10]
Britain and France over the areas captured by their troops could not make it possible for a joint administration over the territory….
By February 1916, it became obvious that the joint administration could not work. Diplomatic negotiations began and ended with the adoption of the Picot Line as the provisional boundary between the French and British Cameroon. The decisions taken in March 1916 became the basis of subsequent negotiations. These [15]
negotiations ended with the signing of the Simon-Milner Declaration. It was this Declaration that was presented at the Paris Peace Settlement and Germany was forced to give up her Cameroon possession. In the 1920s, the League of Nations accepted the division of Cameroon as presented by Britain and France and
officially recognised Cameroon as a Category B Mandated territory placed under the custody of Britain and Franc. Britain and France introduced different policies in their spheres of influence. [20]
Source: Adapted from The Anglo-French Condominium in Cameroon, 1914-1916: History of amis understanding by Elango Lovett.
(a) (i) State the year and the event when the Cameroon Campaign referred to in line 1 began.
(ii) Give the name of the leader of the British Expeditionary Force mentioned in line 2.
(iii) The Cameroon Campaign carried out by Britain and France was directed against which European power?
(iv) Which other European power not mentioned in the extract took part in the Cameroon Campaign against the power demanded in a(iii) above?. (2+1+1+1 marks)
(b) (i) Identify the strategic naval base (line 6) on which a successful attack was launched.
(ii) Name any two ways the conquest of the strategic naval base (line 6) helped Britain and France in the Cameroon Campaign. (1+2 marks)
(c) (i) What other name is often used to refer to the term Joint Administration (line 9)1
(ii) State three reasons why the Joint Administration failed.
(iii) Which two European diplomats carried out the first provisional partition of Cameroon in 1916 (line 14) (1+2+2 )
(d) (i) In which year was the final partition of Cameroon effected?
(ii) Mention any two economic benefits derived by Britain and France in their spheres of occupation (line 20). (1+2 marks)
(c) (i) When did the Mandate System (line 19)begin in Cameroon?
(ii What advantages did British Cameroonians enjoy with the introduction of the Indirect Rule system of administration in Cameroon? (1+3 marks)
2. For what reasons was Britain reluctant to annex Cameroon in the 1880s? Why did she later change her mind in favour of annexation and why did Germany come out successful in annexing Cameroon in 1884? (7/7/6 marks)
3. Why did the UPC revolt break out in French Cameroon in the 1950s? How did the French colonial authorities react to the revolt? Why did the revolt end in the 1970s? (7/6/7 marks)
4. For what reasons did Paul Biya succeed Ahjdjo as President of the Republic in 1982? Why did relations between Biya and Ahidjo become increasingly unfriendly shortly after power changed hands between them? What measures did Paul Biya subsequently take to consolidate himself in power? (7/6/7 marks)
SECTION B
AFRICA SINCE 1870 (excluding Cameroon)
5. What economic considerations persuaded European imperial powers to colonise Africa in the 19th Century? Outline the merits and demerits of European imperialism on Africa. (7/6/7 marks)
6. What internal and external factors led to the rise of nationalism in Nigeria after 1945? Describe the role played by Nnamdi Azikiwe in the struggle for decolonisation and independence of his country by 1960. (6/6/7 marks)
7. With reference to specific examples, explain why there have been frequent military interventions in politics in Africa. Bring out the positive and negative results of military rule. (8/6/6 marks)
SECTION C
WORLD DIPLOMACY SINCE 1870
8. Write brief historical notes on any THREE of the following:
(a) Bismarck’s foreign policy (b) The Triple Alliance , (c) The Triple Entente (d) The Sarajevo Assassination.
What were the effects of the First World War? (5/5/5/S marks)
9. Why was collective Security adopted after the First World War and why did Britain and France consider it necessary to adopt the policy of Appeasement in the 1930s? (10/10 marks)
10. What have been the causes and consequences of the recent upsurge in the number of refugees in the world today? (10/10 marks)