SECTION A
CAMEROON SINCE 1850
Question ONE is compulsory. Answer either 1A* or IB* and one other Question from this section.
1. Either
A* Study this extract bearing on the scramble for the Cameroon in the 1880s and answer questions (a) to (d) which follow. (The maximum mark for each sub-question is indicated in brackets).
The ultimate result of the race for the annexation of Cameroon was the signing of the Germano-Duala treaty… Kings Bell and Akwa signed for Cameroon while German traders signed for their home government. Since the next day was a Sunday and therefore a nonworking day, official celebrations marking the German annexation were pushed forward to Monday July 14th. On this day the imperial German Commissioner solemnly hoisted the [5]
German flag over Douala
News of the German annexation of Cameroon came as a complete surprise to observers in Britain, and sparked off a chain of reactions within Cameroon, Britain and elsewhere. The
British government condemned the German move, accusing Germany of staging a coup in Cameroon, hi the meantime, Consul Hewett, who arrived too late, rushed to Ambas Bay [10]
and on the 19th July1884 proclaimed Ambas Bay a British Settlement. Two Poles and other pro-British agents embarked on a treaty-signing spree… In the process, these British agents acquired territories on the foot of the Cameroon mountain for Britain. The aim was to confine the Germans to the small coastal strip around Douala.
British warships continued to patrol the Cameroon coast but refused to salute the German flag [15]
It was a fascinating story of bribes exchanging hands such as rum, schnapps, whisky, tobacco, cloth, brandy and dem-Johnny whisky.
These anti German activities by Pro-British agents along the Cameroon coast alarmed the Germans. The German Chancellor at the time was furious. He warned that the land grabbing activities of British agents along the Cameroon coast was indeed an unfriendly act [20]
that would not be accepted.
Anglo German relations, however, witnessed a marked improvement in 1887 when the British government refused to validate treaties signed on her behalf along the Cameroon coast. Territories that had been acquired as a result of such treaties were ceded to Germany.
The peaceful resolution of the Anglo-German dispute over Cameroon encouraged German [25]
missionaries and explorers to embark on the penetration of the Cameroon interior. In 1889 the first German station was set up and in 1891,a landmark treaty was signed between a German explorer and the Fon of Bali.
Source: Cited in ABBIA, 29-30 (1975) pp.165-171.
(a) (i) State both the month and year the Germano-Duala treaty was signed as mentioned in line 2 of the extract..
(ii) Write down the name of two German traders who signed the treaty mentioned in a i above.
(iii) Who was the German Imperial Commissioner who hoisted the German flag over Douala as indicated in the extract ( line5).. (2+2+1 marks)
(b) (i) Name the Douala Chief and the town that reacted angrily to the hoisting of the German flag over Douala mentioned in a(iii) above.
(ii) In which of the towns along the coast were the British forced to hoist their own flag?
(iii) In what year did the British pull down their flag over the town mentioned in b (ii) above? (2+1+1 marks)
(c) (i) Which international treaty of the 1880s signed between Britain and Germany caused her to hand over territories she had acquired along the Cameroon coast to Germany?
(ii) When and where was the first German station established in the territory of Cameroon as indicated in the extract (Une27)?
(iii) Name any one of the German missionary bodies that was encouraged to operate in Cameroon as mentioned in line 26.
(iv) Give the name of the German explorer and the inland station he established in 1891(line28) (1+2+1+2 marks)
(d) What benefits did the Bali people derive from the landmark treaty they signed with the Germans? (5 marks)
Or
B*
Study these two extracts under the Ahidjo and Biya Administrations and then answer questions (a) to (e) which follow. (The maximum mark for each sub question is indicated in brackets)
Extract A: The moves towards the Federation of East and West Cameroon was cemented by President Ahidjo on 1st September 1961 when he signed into law an important Constitution. The Constitution took effect on….. According to the Constitution, the President was both Head of State and Head of Government…….The Republic of Cameroon reunified with Federated State of East Cameroon with headquarters in Yaounde. The most serious threats to the Ahijos regime in East Cameroon came from a political party with an exiled wing, [5]
which was too militant.
The political base of Ahidjo was still very narrow in 1960 and his UC party had only 31 out of the 70 seats in the East Cameroon House of Assembly. To strengthen his political base Ahidjo exploited the rift within the Opposition camp in East Cameroon to form a Unified Party through subjugation, bribery, and corruption. The politics in West Cameroon was more complex but democratic. Ahidjo decided to seek political alliance [10 ]
with the political parties in West Cameroon to have a total grip on political power and by the mid-1960s Cameroon had become a One Party State.
Extract B: Paul Biya inherited that political party when he came to power in 1982 but as a result of political disagreement that necessitated the holding of a party congress at Bamenda in March 1985, a new name was adopted for that single party of the country. Between 1986 and 1990, international and national pressure was [15]
brought to bear on him because of the wing of change blowing from Eastern Europe following the introduction of the policies of Glasnot and Perestroika and because of the growing demand for political reforms at home, Biya was forced to sign a legislation initiating a series of liberal political reforms in December 1990 that saw the rebirth of multi- party politics in which hundreds of political parties came into existence in Cameroon.
Source: Adapted from Victor Julius Ngoh: Cameroon 1884- Present (2018). The History of a People.
(a) i) By what popular name is the Constitution mentioned in line 2 of the extract called?
ii) Give both the month and the year the Constitution cited in a (i) above came into effect.
(iii)Give two functions of the Head of State and Government in line 3 of the extract.(1+2+2 marks)
(b)(i) What name was given to the territory that reunited with the Republic of Cameroon in line 4 of the extract.
(ii) At the time of reunification who was the Prime Minister of the territory in b (i) above and the political party he headed? (iii)Which town served as headquarters of the territory cited in b( i) above? (1 + 2 +1 marks)
(c)(i) Name one political group in East Cameroon that willingly accepted to join Ahidjo in the formation of a Unified Party.
(ii) Give the name of the opposing party to Ahidjo’s idea of a Unified Party and the leader of the exiled wing of the militant party mentioned in line 6.(1+2 marks)
(d) (i) Give the name of two political parties mentioned in line 11 that operated in West Cameroon at the time other than the party demanded in b (ii) above.
(ii) Give the year in which Cameroon became a One Party State as mentioned in line 12. (2 + 1 marks)
(e) Identify the new party adopted during the Bamenda Congress in March 1985.
(ii) Why has the political party cited in c(i) above remained in power for so long? (1+4marks)
2. Explain how and why Germany was able to annex Cameroon by 1884 and trace how she was defeated and lost Cameroon by 1922? (7,7, 6 marks)
3. What events between 1914 and 1922 led to the establishment of the British and French rule in Cameroon under the League of Nations as mandated territories? How and why did Britain decide to administer her own portion of Cameroon as part of Nigeria? (7,7,6 marks)
4. Why did President Ahidjo abolish the Federal Constitution in 1972? What changes were introduced in Cameroon and how did the Unitary Constitution affect West Cameroon? (7,7,6,Marks)
SECTION B
AFRICA SINCE 1870 (excluding Cameroon)
5. Describe the contributions of the following to the establishment of colonial rule in Africa
a) Activities of King Leopold II in the Congo Basin
b) Berlin West African Conference
c) African Traditional Rulers
d) Scientific and Technological development eg. Transport, medicine etc (5,5,5,5 marks)
6. How and why did a civil war break out in the 1960s either a) The Congo or b) Nigeria? What was the outcome of the civil war in the country chosen (7,7,7 marks)
7. Outline the origin, aims and successes of the OAU since its creation in 1963 as a regional organization. Why was the OAU replaced by the AU in 2002? (5,5,5,5 marks)
SECTION C
WORLD DIPLOMACY SINCE 1870
8. What were the causes of the First World War? How was Germany treated at the end of the war? (10,10marks)
9. Why did the USA enter the WWII in 1941? What contribution did it make to the defeat of the Axis powers/ What were the consequences of this defeat? (7,7,6 marks)
10. Describe the organization of the UNO. What part have any three of the following UN Agencies played in the development of African States since 1970 in improving the welfare and wellbeing of the peoples/
A) FAO B) UNICEF C) UNESCO D) WHO (5,5,5,5, Marks)